We Need a New Method of Purifying Drinking Water Essay

Chlorine has been purifying our drinking water for the last century. Chlorine has many uses; it is used as an amazing water disinfectant to rid water of harmful organisms, it sanitizes many surfaces, and it is used in the production of many products. Virtually all water borne diseases have been wiped out as a result of purification of drinking water - usually with chlorine. Life expectancy has increased fifty percent in the last century because people are able to drink clean, healthy water. Two hundred million people in America and Canada drink, shower and swim in chlorinated water everyday, and ninety-eight percent of drinking water treatment facilities use chlorination (Christman, 1998). Chlorine has benefited society in an†¦show more content†¦Finally, those who take the economic approach believe that chlorine might have some effect, yet the expenditure of money and time to develop alternatives for all of chlorine’s uses make it hard to eliminate it from our s ociety. Studies have shown that it is not the chlorine that causes damage to our health, but rather chlorine’s byproducts. Dioxins, which are an unwanted byproduct of industrial production that uses chlorine, are the most harmful human carcinogens studied (Thornton, 1997). When chlorine is added to our water supply, it immediately kills many to all of the organisms living in the water. However, it also reacts with any organic material in the water such as leaves, twigs, or dirt chemically producing byproducts called trihalomethanes, or THMs. THMs consist of four chemicals: chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane. Dibromochloromethane is already classified as a possible known human carcinogen and has been proven to cause cancer in laboratory animals (Times Union, 1996). The US Council of Environmental Quality states that, [t]he cancer risk among people drinking chlorinated water is 93% higher than among those whose water does not contain chlorine (Showering in Tap Water, 2001). Organizations such as Greenpeace and the Sierra Club, as well as many doctors and scientists, are publiclyShow MoreRelatedWhat Liquid Is The Most Important Type Of Water862 Words   |  4 Pagesorganisms’ survivability. This liquid is called water. Water is the most important type of liquid because it fuels animals and plants’ bodies. Moving on, water is a natural resource that cannot be created by human intervention. As a result, water is not infinite in some areas and can be loss if exploited and not cared for. Because water is essential, the quality of water is critical to humans. For instance, if there are contaminations in humans’ drinking water, the threat of diseases and health problemsRead MoreThe Effects Of Drinking Water On The Human Body1530 Words   |  7 Pages70% by mass of water. Most other animal lifeforms from bacteria to elephants contain a similar proportion. Plant life can contain up to 90% water. Water is one of the key components of life and as such is tied explicitly to the earth’s ecosystem. All sources of drinking water found on earth, contain naturally occurring contaminants. As the water flows though rivers, estuaries, streams and lakes, it absorbs/dissolves some of the substances it comes into contact with. Drinking water can also be foundRead MoreBenefits Of Water For Water1408 Words   |  6 Pagesundoubtedly water. Water is the start to every lifeform and continues to be the reason why there’s so much life on Earth. We have continually used water for many years. It is a necessary resource that needs to be used by all living beings in order to survive. In the past fresh water was considered a valuable Today water is taken for granted and there are many people that that don’t care about preserving water as much as other do. This is becoming a major concern since the amount of natural fresh water isRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Drinking Water Shortage1888 Words   |  8 PagesProfessor Kimberly Sullivan English 101 20 August 2014 Argumentative Water Essay There is a water crisis which faces many parts of the world and it is a threat to survival of human beings since humans are primarily dependent on water. Shortage in drinking water is beginning to show its effects in first world countries, but is a current major problem facing lesser developed countries which have not taken drastic steps to harvest water and purify it to make it safe for human consumption. In developedRead MoreSCI207 final lab paper1643 Words   |  7 Pagesreport was based on the how ground water may be affected by myriad containments present in our experiment and in our everyday . Surprisingly when vinegar was filtered through dirt it came out fairly clean. This surprised me because I would never believed that vinegar had such a profound effect on water considering its oily nature. I was convinced that vinegar more than the other contaminates would have produced a wider, more polluted field. I believed that all the water would have been contaminatedRead MoreThe Essentials Of Water Purification1201 Words   |  5 Pages The Essentials of Water Purification The Essentials of Water Purification From Academic Journals Ammar Jaleel Plano Academy High School  By making water purification processes more efficient, the number of casualties caused by unsanitary water will significantly drop. The purpose of this document is to inform the reader about the essentials of water purification; it is organized by the trend of the topic, typically by the types of processes. According to the UN, more than 2.5 billionRead MoreWater Scarcity Of Salt Water Irrigation1498 Words   |  6 Pageswith absolute water scarcity and that two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions caused by water scarcity†(IFAD). This data suggests an imminent and terrifying reality, earth is slowly running out of drinkable fresh water. This reality will most likely cause wars, starvation, and death for water is vital for human life with 20 to 50 liters needed daily to sustain basic human functions (IFAD). Unless we find a solution to this international human crisis, life as we know it willRead MoreTechniques For Providing Fresh Water For Arid Regi ons Of The World1565 Words   |  7 Pagesfeasibility of different techniques for providing fresh water to arid regions of the world. Word count : 1318 Tutor’s Name : Miss Janine Evans-Pollard Student Name : Mr. Bellil Anouar Class Group Number : 3 Student Kaplan Number : 28344 City University Id Number : 150000527 Submission Date : 3rd December 2014 Introduction : It is a well known fact that water is one of the most important resource present on earth. Indeed, water is used in several areas and domains such as : AgricultureRead MoreContamination of Drinking-Water by Arsenic in Bangladesh4866 Words   |  20 PagesIntroduction: There are metal substances which have mixed up with the river water of Bangladesh. The substance is known as Arsenic in Bangladesh. It was first found in the West Bengal ten years ago (1995-96). Arsenic is both toxic and carcinogenic. It is in inorganic forms, dissolved in drinking water which is the most significant forms of natural exposure. Organic forms of arsenic that may be present in food are much less toxic to humans. Clinical manifestations of arsenic poisoning begin withRead MoreSterilisation of Water Using Bleaching Powder2846 Words   |  12 PagesSTERILIZATION OF WATER USING BLEACHING POWDER A CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROGECT ANSHUL KUMAR PANDEY XII B [THIS PROJECT LOOKS AT THE TECHNIQUE CALLED STERILIZATION OF WATER USING BLEACHING POWDER WHICH IS USED TO PURIFY WATER AND MAKES IT FIT FOR DRINKING.] Downloaded from www.icbse.com INDEX 1. Certificate of Authenticity 2. Acknowledgement 3. Introduction -Need of Water -Purification of Water -Need for a stable purification technique 4. Theory -History of Water purification -Bleaching

Role of Student to Maintain Peaceful Atmosphere at Home,...

ROLE OF STUDENTS HOW STUDENTS CAN BEST SERVE THEIR COUNTRY: Hints: 1. Tremendous man-power of the country is being wasted away. 2. Education must be made purposeful and practical. 3. High aims and aspirations must be set before the students. 4. Students must work to remove social evils. 5. Students must actively participate in the economic development of the country. 6. Military training is essential. 7. Students must not participate in politics and give up their indulgence in hooligism. . 8. Students must peacefully ex ¬press their dissatisfaction. 9. Moral and intellectual frustration from among the students must be removed. 10. Proper incentives and creative occupations must be provided to the students. It is a pity that†¦show more content†¦*****A student plays a very significant role in developing the country . He /she study hard throughout their life amp; when the person Role of Student India has a vast population of students who are studying in thousands of schools and colleges. These students can plays a very significant role in the re-building and reconstruction of our nation. This can only happen if their energies are properly channelised. The students had also played in a very important role during India s struggle for independence. But after India s independence it seems that students have no aim and noble cause before them for which they can utilise their energy. From time to time we hear about student s indiscipline in difference universities and colleges. This again proves that the student s power is being misused for destructive activities instead of any constructive work. In reality, the students lack proper guidance and good leadership. For some years indiscipline among the students in India had become a serious problem. They were going on strikes and organising demonstrations, agitations etc. They were disrespecting their teachers and college authorities. They were also fighting with the police. Thus the whole academic atmosphere in the universities was vitiated. In certain universities forShow MoreRelatedStrengthening Community624 Words   |  3 Pagesthe community to adapt. These can arise from violence at home, and they can follow one person to their school and workplace. Furthermore, new forms of communication, such as social media, when used inappropriately, can negatively affect the community. However, I believe that it is possible for an individual to take action and intervene to help strengthen the community. Strengthening the community can be started at home, advancing to the school, workplace or to any other forms of community like churchesRead MoreEssay on the Importance of Discipline966 Words   |  4 Pagescertain laws to maintain perfect harmony and beauty. Without this order, there would be utter chaos. Discipline is a basic requirement of a civilized society. Citizens of a disciplined nation work with a spirit of coo peration and unity. Aristotle has rightly said, Discipline is obedience to rules formed by the society for the good of all. Discipline should be inculcated from a very young age. Talent and genius alone are not enough to achieve success. Discipline has an equally important role to play. TalentsRead MoreThe Columbine Tragedy1110 Words   |  5 Pages An outburst of school violence has taken over the nation throughout the past several years. Incidents of school violence have quickly intensified since the Columbine tragedy, thus prompting communities to take additional safety precautions with their youth education system. There are many inquiries on what type of violence is most common, often narrowing down on gender, ethnicity, and environment. Violence itself can be defined as a deliberate act, serving no legitimate purpose, which has the possibilityRead More Causes of School Violence Essay2568 Words   |  11 PagesTo explore how to maintain safe school environments, we must first define the causes of school violence. When Eric David Harris and Dylan Bennett Klebold opened fire inside Columbine High Sc hool on April 20, 1999, injuring 24, and killing 13 (including themselves), they were simply displaying the unfortunate symptom of their disease- a deeply-rooted lack of emotional literacy. As Sandra Bloom notes, A few incidents of violence are directly related to limited skills in reading, writing, andRead MoreCHILDREN TODAY PREFER TO PLAY COMPUTER GAMES TO TRADITIONAL GAMES.2573 Words   |  11 Pagesagreed to say that children today prefer to play computer games to traditional games. For instance, children nowadays did not participate in any club game of traditional like congkak club at school because they choose to join in club games like hockey and football. Then, most of them preferred to stay at home and play computer games than go outside with their friends and practice the traditional games. In a nutshell, the government should make some efforts to encourage children to be participatedRead MoreClassroom Behavior and Management Theories Essay2743 Words   |  11 Pagestog ether as a society. It is reflected in every relationship that we have. JD formalizes citizenship. It discusses our rights and responsibilities as citizens. JD is a philosophy and a framework for classroom management and school discipline that is based on the United States Constitution’s Bill of Rights. How do we balance students’ rights with the rights and interests of society? Forrest Gathercoal, author of Judicious Discipline, presents a model that respects the rights of students and balancesRead MoreCurbing Examination Malpractices in Nigerian Educational Assessment: Guidance and Counselling Intervention2969 Words   |  12 PagesScience Secondary School, Katsina, Katsina State And Abdulrasheed S. Imam (Ccn, mcasson) Ulul-Albab Science Secondary School, Katsina, Katsina state. . ABSTRACT The paper examines the role or intervention of guidance and counseling in curbing examination malpractice in Nigerian educational assessment among all the stake holders in education industry. Counseling can be of much interventional assistance in bringing re-orientation of students, teachers, the school and the society. Also provides socialRead MoreA Brief Note On Civil Rights For Minorities Essay1873 Words   |  8 Pagesgreater rights or benefits. In the early twentieth century, they were considered minority national groups didn’t feel represented within the territorial boundaries in which they found themselves. Their demands and dissatisfactions played a decisive role in the outbreak of the World War I and irresolute situation continued even after the end of the World War II. It was groups seeking to emancipate the country or empire on which were a minority and wanted to get greater representation of their interestsRead MoreA Brief Note On Civil Rights For Minorities Essay1880 Words   |  8 Pagesgreater rights or benefits. In the early twentieth century, they were considered minority national groups didn’t feel represented within the territorial boundaries in which they found themselves. Their demands and dissatisfactions played a decisive role in the outbreak of the World War I and irresolute situation continued even after the end of the World War II. It was groups seeking to emancipate the country or empire on which were a minority and wanted to get greater representation of their interestsRead More Meiji Restoration Essay1958 Words   |  8 PagesThe inception of the Tokugawa Shogunate around 1600 would reduce the impact of foreign relations throughout Japanese society. This bulwark helped resist change and development in Japan, although it continued throughout the western world. Following two hundred years of self imposed seclusion from the rest of the world, the forceful re-entry of the foreigner brought about considerable change in Japan. While managing the foreign threat, there was also an imbalance of power in the current feudal system

CusterA Essay Research Paper Hello and Welcome free essay sample

Custer ( A ) Essay, Research Paper Hello and Welcome to Channel 7 intelligence at 11:00. Today we have a Particular Broadcast coming tous live from Washington D.C. We are traveling to fall in Bill Beutel in a twosome of seconds. ReadyBill # 8230 ; ..Ok we are now directing you live to Washington # 8230 ; ..Bill: # 8220 ; Custer # 8217 ; s Last Stand # 8221 ; # 8230 ; this rings a bell in the heads of many as you will see in tonight # 8217 ; ssegments # 8230 ; # 8221 ; Custer Stands Again # 8221 ; . Tonight we will hold a one on one, first clip interview withGeneral George Armstrong Custer. His decease stirred up acrimonious contention. Well he is with ustoday for one last opportunity to acquire to the underside of everything. Let me present General GeorgeArmstrongCuster. Hello General. Custer: Hello Bill, how are you making? Bill: Fine, and how are you? You are looking really good today. I am glad you took clip out ofyour busy agenda to pass some clip with us and our loyal viewing audiences today. Custer: Thank You for the compliment Bill, you are looking good yourself. I myself have been ona Nutri System Diet and have lost 15 lbs, I feel like a new adult male. Bill: Sooner state we have a really short clip slot here so lets acquire the most out of this one time in a lifetimeinterview. Are you ready? Custer: I was born ready Bill. Go Ahead, Fire! ! ! Wait don # 8217 ; t fire, I meant start inquiring yourquestions when your ready. All I have to make is reply them, you have the tough half in inquiring thequestions.Bill: Sooner state, here goes, Are Those Bugle Boy Jeans that you are have oning? ? ! ! ? ? Custer: Why yes, as a affair of fact they are. I bought them merely for this show. I didn # 8217 ; t seem tounderstand that question.Bill: I was merely pull the leg ofing, I was merely seeking to interrupt the ice between us because we will be borderingon some really huffy affairs. Ok so lets acquire consecutive to the point. What are were your personalfeelings towards the In dians? Custer: I believed so and I believe now that they were barbarian and merely couldn # 8217 ; t maintain up withus Americans. They were besides really dark due to the fact that they were squalid. They refused towear normal vesture and walked around half bare. They were inferior to us in more ways thanothers. Bill: That is a really rough statement that you have stated. Can you endorse up that comment? Custer: Well of class I can, one that pops into my head is their usage of the Bow and Arrowcompared to our more advanced fire power, rifles. How could they even stand a opportunity againstus? For such ignorance they deserved what they received! ! ! ! ! Bill: Lashkar-e-taibas back up a small and travel a little off the subject for a 2nd, if you don # 8217 ; t head, can yousummarize to us how you became what you were and are today? I would wish to cognize and I amsure a batch of the viewing audiences would wish to cognize besides. Custer: Ohh Boy, that # 8217 ; s traveling back a long manner but give me a minute. Ok, it started a long timeago when I was a immature chap. I did non work hard at my surveies. I graduated at the underside of myclass fro the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1861, and joined the Union Forces in theCivil War. I can candidly state that I was and still am really smart but I neer accerted myself, Iguess you could state that I was lazy.Well, during the war I served with General McClellan in Virginia. In 1863 I was assigned to thecavalry and shortly revealed dare and glare as an officer. As a consequence I was promoted quickly.When the war ended, I was made a lieutenant colonel and sent to Kansas to contend Indians. Afterthat I did whatever I could to assist the state and I shortly became General.Well that was a batch to get down I hope that you got it all. Bill: Wow, that was really interesting. Ok, when you were destroying the lives of Indians by killingthem and crowding them off their land, like cattles, into unknown and chartle ss reserves didn # 8217 ; tyou experience any commiseration? Did you non hold a bosom! ! ? ? ! ! Custer: I don # 8217 ; t experience any commiseration for the Indians, non one spot. None of this was necessary if they listenedto us. It was because of their ignorance that all this started. They were a backwards civilization andwe were a thriving one. They were keeping us back and that was counter productive so we didwhat was in the best involvement of our turning state. We gave them every chance to joiningwith us and listen to us but they refused.Through my many old ages in the military forces I learned non to give into any of my personalfeelings. Not that I had anything against what I did! ! Bill: Well, you voiced your sentiment really good. Sooner state does the day of the month June 25, 1876 mean anything toyou? Custer: June 25, 1876 # 8230 ; how could I non retrieve that day of the month. That was the twenty-four hours that made mefamous. How dry that is. Bill: What do you inte nd, ironic? Custer: Well all through life I wanted to be celebrated and looked up to by others. Well I think its dry that I got what I wanted and became celebrated, after my decease at the custodies of my trueenemies†¦.The Indians. Bill: You mentioned something about aspirations. What was another aspiration that you had?Custer: Well I was planning and wanted to become President of The United States Of America. Ifeel I would have made a very good president. I would have been the best President that thiscountry had or has or even will have. I was best fit for that position. I am sure you could see thatalso. Bill: Very interesting, well, If it is not too painful can you reminisce the events of that battle, whichwe have tagged as â€Å"Custer’s Last Stand†. Custer: Ahh, â€Å"The Battle of Little Bighorn†. My troops and I were in the Montana Territory. Mytroops were starting to get restless. We were out there trying to round up the Sioux andCheyenne Indians and move them to reservations. I was under the command of General Alfred H. Terry, who was heading the expedition. General Terry ordered me to get in a position South ofwhere he suspected the Indians t o be.That morning one of my scouts found an Indian village about 15 miles away. It lay in the valleyalong the Little Bighorn River. I expected to find about 1,000 warriors. But I later found out thatthey really had at least 2,000 warriors. This group, whose leaders included Crazy Horse, Gall andSitting Bull, was probably the largest gathering of Indian warriors in Western History. Bill: What did you do?Custer: Well I did not want to be found out and I didn’t have the time to wait for Gen. Terry. Instead of waiting, I divided my force into 3 small units in hopes of surrounding the enemy. Alltogether I had a little more than 600 troops. I felt that we could take the Indians easily.One unit attacked and then retreated when it saw the size of the Indian force. A second never gotinto the fight. With only 226 men, I attacked the Indians. In hand-to-hand combat all of my bandwas killed with in the time period of 1 hour. Bill: I am so sorry. I hope you didn’t mind answering th at question but I am sure that our viewerswanted to know what REALLY happened. Ok now, If you had a choice would you do the samething over again and if you would what would you do different?Custer: That’s a really easy question. If I had a choice I would go back and do the same thingover again and with out one doubt in my mind. I would change a few things. One thing I would dodifferently is to WIN!!!! It wouldn’t be too hard to do. The second thing would be to do a morethorough job and kill them all!!! Every single one of them!!! Now after that, how can you tell methat I have no heart. Bill: There are two images of you†¦one of a HERO and another of a GLORY-SEEKER. Whichone do you see yourself as?Custer: I don’t even think that there is a problem with that answer. Yes of course I was lookingfor some glory. Who doesn’t? But that wasn’t my main goal. I wanted to help my country. I feelthat I am a very loyal citizen. I died for my country and I wi ll do it again. I notice that a lot of myfollowers feel the same way. I am very impressed with the monument that you have made for me. I was more concerned for my country than for myself or else I would not have tried to win thatbattle. I am a Hero in my mind and not a Glory-seeker. I feel that we could have won that battle ifit had gone the way that I planned it.Bill: What do you mean, how could you have won or why do you think you lost?Custer: We should not have lost that battle. We should have never lost any battle to the inferiorIndians. I feel that if my secondary officers did as they were told and my superior officer hadhelped then we would have won the battle. Reno, one of my secondary officers, was a coward. He could have rescued me if he had not retreated. I also blame Gen. Terry and his aides for notknowing the size of the Indian force. All he wanted was to have glory, he didn’t care for anyoneexcept for himself. He didn’t love the country like I did. I felt that I was a better officer than himand should have been promoted to a higher position. For all those people who believed that Idisobeyed Terry’s orders it is true but I did it because I was there and I knew that I had no otherchoice. Well if you still want to judge me on that we so be it. Well I have to go because I have tobe at West Point in another half an hour and I have to get some groceries for the Mrs’s. Bill: Thank you for the interview, General Custer. I hope that the rest of your life be long andprosperous, if I can say that. That concludes my one on one with General Custer and back to youSue in New York. Good Night America.BibliographyReynolds, Quentin J. Custer’s Last Stand. Random House 1951.Stein, R. Conrad. The Story of the Little Bighorn. Children’s Press. Connell, Evan S. Son of the Morning Star. North Point Press. 1983.

Operant Theory Application In Class Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Operant Theory Application In Class. Answer: Introduction Operant conditioning is a learning process in which behaviour is controlled by consequences. The process uses four key concepts, which are positive and negative reinforcement, as well as positive and negative punishment. Through these, a teacher can be able to create the conditions conducive for learning. At the same time, the teacher is able to identify the conditions under which the students will be most responsive to the learning process (Henton Iversen, 2012). Operant conditioning involves three concepts punishers, reinforcers and neutral operants. Regardless of their absence or presence, the subject does not alter their behaviour. Reinforcers are referred to as responses from the environment which increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated. Reinforcers can be negative or positive. On the other hand, punishers are those responses whose occurrence decreases the probability of a behaviour recurring. Punishers are meant to weaken the specific behaviour being targeted. Positive reinforcement means that positive behaviour is rewarded with something positive. For instance, a teacher may try to compliment students who give the right answers in class by asking other to clap for them or complimenting them. The teacher may also organize kinds of presents for student behaviour that could be encouraged, such as participation, punctuality among others. Negative reinforcement on the other hand means that negative behaviour attracts a derivation of something desirable. For instance, students can be asked to hand in their assignment early, to avoid receiving a Fail grade in their coursework. Similarly, the teacher may consider not using long hours to cover coursework if students pass a special test which gauges their understanding of coursework (Coon Mitterer, 2010). Positive punishment decreases behaviour. A student who has misbehaves may be punished by being placed in detention after class. At the same time, students who do not study for their class work receive a bad grade, which means that they spend more time than others in covering work done, and improving their grasp of the subject. Negative punishment works to remove something pleasant in addition to working to decrease target behaviour. For going to school late, a student may be deprived of their break-time. They may also be required to stay on after school to make up for lost time, but also as a form of punishment. Students who misbehave in class may be punished by having their positions in trips being close to them (Ernst, Daniele Frantz, 2011). Range of behaviours in the classroom typically displayed by this age group In this age group, the students are increasingly independent. They are yearning for independence. This means that they may sometimes not always respond positively to figures of authority in their lives, including their teachers and parents. The said behaviour is experienced by Jane. She faces students who are unresponsive in class. They have a pronounced apathy towards learning, clearly preferring to be in other places instead. The said students are usually bound to avoid answering questions in front of their peers. This is mainly due to their need for acceptance from their peers. They want to appear as though they are part of the group. As a show of resistance to authority, the class may have subconsciously become defiant to the teacher. As such, giving any quarter such as participating in class discussions or completing assigned homework will be felt by the individual students as a betrayal of their peers (Law, Siu Shek, 2012). At this stage, students are becoming more knowledgeable about the world they live in. They want to be accorded respect, and treated as adults. They are on the throes of adolescence, where profound behavioural and physical changes will occur. They are therefore in many ways confused about how they should respond to situations which were in many cases easy to resolve and be decisive about. The teacher therefore needs to understand the background of the students, so that they can better respond to them, and fulfil their needs as far as school is concerned, while being important figures in their new journey to adulthood through adolescence (Guerra Silva, 2010). Application of Operant Conditioning According to Skinner, the theorist behind operant conditioning, education should be done in a way which makes it enjoyable even as it tries to pass on a message. For instance, the student needs to participate in class work if they are to have any form of enjoyment in the class, or even to properly learn. To do this, the teacher must apply a set of incentives in order to increase classroom participation, and pique the interest of the students in the coursework (Fryling, Johnston Hayes, 2011). To encourage students to be more responsive in class, the teacher should encourage them using positive reinforcement. For instance, answering the question properly in class should be congratulated by the teacher in front of their peers. This will make the student feel more confident, and improve his relationship with the teacher. At the same time, the students will have learnt about the kind of behaviour that the teacher expects from them in future. The teacher should also make participation a key part of the students grades. Group assignments during class time should be set regularly. The level of participation in these assignments should be assessed, with the teachers knowing full well that their participation will be important in determining their final grade in the course (Hewage, 2007). Negative reinforcement can also be used to help students meet the expectations of the teacher. For instance, students who do not complete their assignments on time understand that this will have a bearing on their final exam. The more assignments they fail to deliver on time, the less their scores will be. This will be communicated to other interested parties such as the childrens parents. With such collaboration in place, it should be possible to push the students to become keener to complete their assignments (Lineros Hinojosa, 2012). Students should also be subject to negative reinforcement to encourage them to participate in the above described group assignments carried out during class time. The groups should be required to show the participation of each student. They should be required to complete the assignment and present it within class time, with each member of the group being required to play an active role in this. Failure to do so should be met with negative reinforcement. Those who do not finish on time should not go for normal breaks until they are done. Students who fail to participate properly in discussions should be made to understand that their lack of participation negatively affects the final score at the end of the term (Lineros Hinojosa, 2012). Operant conditioning also involves positive punishment. This should be done especially in the ability to complete homework and assignments. After class, those unable to complete their homework for the previous meeting should be required to sit in class and do the work before they are released. This will discourage them from repeating the issue in future, as they will have lost time they could have been using to play. The teacher needs to understand that students will often fail to do homework. They may detest the time they have to spend doing it, under minimum supervision, while they could instead by playing with their peers (Lineros Hinojosa, 2012). The strengths and weakness of Operant Conditioning The operant theory has several advantages over other theories in bringing about the desired behaviour above. Among these advantages is its focus on motivation. Skinner believed in modelling behaviour so that the individual could know what is acceptable to the teacher. The reinforcement is also expected to outlast the engagement with the teacher and even the curse. The operant behaviour also serves to teach the student about the realty. This is in relation to the fact that positive action leads to positive results, and vice versa (Byiers et al, 2014). The theory is easy to administer. For instance, the inability to complete the desired coursework leads to a low grade at the end of the term. This is something which the teacher can administer easily, and something which the student can readily understand. At the same time, there are other variants. Of the students are not keen on answering questions in front of their peers, they can do so within groups in which they feel freer and more able o express themselves. The theory also has weaknesses which may at times inhibit its ability to be effective. According to skinner, there can only be good or bad behaviour. There is nothing in between. The reality is markedly different. This mean that the teacher may be unable to respond to situations in which student behaviour is neither good nor bad using operant theory (Sullivan, 2014). Positive and negative reinforcement may not always work to bring about the required behaviour. For instance, congratulating students in front of their peers may not be enough to improve the level of participation from the students. In other times when the reinforcement can no longer be given out, it becomes impossible for the student to continue the behaviour. For instance, if something makes it impossible to attach class discussions to the final score, students are less likely to continue with the behaviour in question (Lattal Lattal, 2012). While Banduras social learning theory is able to make explanations about aggressive behaviour even in the presence of direct aggressive behaviour, Skinners theory is not able to do this. This is a major weakness since it cannot be used to address issues involving vicarious learning. Other theories also help explain differences between aggressive and non aggressive behaviour. The theoretical premise that people respond differently to situations because they feel reinforcement favours or punishes violence is not present in operant conditioning, further diluting its applicability in varied settings. Operant Conditioning The operant theory is a useful way of improving the issues which Jane faces in the class. She is unable to get feedback from her students. This means that she has not ability to suit her teaching to adapt to students needs. Teachers should be able to use the model so that they can enhance commitment and participation in the classroom. The theory is easy to apply to different circumstances, making it especially powerful as a tool for modifying student behaviour. It may have its disadvantages as well. It is too simplistic in some instances, making it more difficult to apply in issues which are not clear cut in nature. At the same time, the model may only have temporary effects on the subject. This makes it in many ways unsuitable for long term behaviour modification. However, this still means that the teacher will, under the present circumstances, still be able to modify the students behaviour to suit her desired criteria. It is therefore suitable for the task at hand ((Fryling, Johnst on Hayes, 2011). References Byiers, B., Dimian, A., McComas, J., Symons, F. (2014). Effects of Positive and Negative Reinforcement in a Concurrent Operants Arrangement on Compliance and Problem Behavior. Acta de Investigacin Psicolgica, 4(3), 1758-1772. Coon, D., Mitterer, J. (2010). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior. Belmont: Cengage Learning. Ernst, M., Daniele, T., Frantz, K. (2011). New perspectives on adolescent motivated behavior: attention and conditioning. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 1(4), 377389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.013 Fryling, M. J., Johnston, C., Hayes, L. J. (2011). Understanding Observational Learning: An Interbehavioral Approach. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 27(1), 191203. Guerra, L., Silva, M. (2010). Learning processes and the neural analysis of conditioning. Psychology and Neuroscience, 3(2), DOI: 10.3922/j.psns.2010.2.009 . Henton, W., Iversen, I. (2012). Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning: A Response Pattern Analysis. New York: Springer. Hewage, C. (2007). Behaviour therapy for medical practice. Galle Medical Journal, 12(1), 45-48. Lattal, K. M., Lattal, K. A. (2012). Facets of Pavlovian and operant extinction. Behavioural Processes, 90(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2012.03.009. Law, B., Siu, A., Shek, D. (2012). Recognition for Positive Behavior as a Critical Youth Development Construct: Conceptual Bases and Implications on Youth Service Development. The Scientific World Journal, 7 pages. Lineros, J., Hinojosa, M. (2012). Theories of Learning and Student Development . National Forum of Teacher Education Journal, 22(3), 1-5. Sullivan, A. (2014). Punish Them or Engage Them? Teachers Views of Unproductive Student Behaviours in the Classroom. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39(6), 43-56.

Flannery OConnor

Exporting Strategies of SME and MNE

Exporting Strategies of SME and MNE Introduction Exporting is a market entry strategy in which a company sells its products to the target country after manufacturing them in another location. SMEs and MNEs must weigh the advantages and disadvantage of this strategy prior to adopting it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Exporting Strategies of SME and MNE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analysis Small and medium enterprises can enjoy a number of advantages if they choose exporting as an entry mode. First, the strategy has minimal risk; most SMEs do not have the luxury of taking a lot of risk because they will feel the effect of market shocks almost immediately. Furthermore, the strategy does not require a lot of resource input. This is highly favourable to SMEs because many of them have limited capital to begin with. Therefore, they can only invest in strategies that do not require too much financial commitment. Exporting also minimises the distribution chain within a certain organisation and thus increases the amount of returns gained by the SME. If such companies select market strategies that involve collaboration with various parties, then they may have to share profits with many players, yet amounts may not even be high. Since small businesses are good at giving personal services, the exporting strategy would be ideal for such organisations because it will provide the SME with direct market contact. Companies can get to know their clientele and give them support wherever they are. Additionally, since small and medium enterprises are still at the initial stages of growth, it makes sense to pursue a low commitment entry mode. The firm can gradually increase its commitment to the chosen market after it becomes larger (Lis et. al. 2012). On the flipside, SMEs must contend with the loss of control over marketing mix elements such as price since tariffs may come in the way. Additionally, the strategy will still require investment in sales. Cultural differences between the exporter and the target market could minimise the SMEs chances of success. It is also possible to find trade restrictions in the target country. Small businesses may have difficulties in accessing information about the trade regulations or financing opportunities available in that country. Even finding potential customers may be difficult for SMEs who have little experience in the field.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Exporting for SMEs Advantages Disadvantages minimal risk loss of control over marketing mix negligible resource input investment in sales minimises the distribution chain cultural differences direct market contact accessing information low commitment finding potential customers Multinational enterprises can protect themselves from excess risk if they choose exporting as a market entry strategy. However, most MNEs are already at a mature phase of growth, so they can handle risk. Exporting also provides MNEs with the opportunity of studying a certain market before setting up production facilities. Additionally, this strategy allows the organisation to learn its customers and thus meet their needs effectively. Furthermore, organization may also get an opportunity to protect their copyrights and patents through exporting (Rialp et. al. 2005). Several MNEs take pride in establishment of a strong brand image in target nations. If they choose exporting, then chances are that they will surrender control to overseas stakeholders. Since a lot of resources are already involved in MNEs, then this could prove to be quite troubling for the organisation. Multinationals have the advantage of high levels of experience as well as huge capital investment. Therefore, their market entry mode strategies should be guided by transaction costs or bargaining power. In the transaction cost theory, a firm ought to consider the amount it stands to loose if it makes a strong commitment in a host county, through licensing or full ownership (Taylor et. al. 2000). Therefore, multinationals would find more cost savings if they transferred production to host nations. Since exporting does not entail more cost savings, then it would not be advantageous for multinationals to select it. Additionally, it is quite difficult for MNEs to respond to customer demands as effectively as smaller organisation. Products that require onsite support cannot be sold effectively (Whelan et. al. 2011). Exporting for MNEs Advantages Disadvantages Protection from excess risk surrender control to overseas stakeholders studying a certain market more cost savings elsewhere protect their copyrights and patents slow response to customer demands no consideration of licensing or ownership Having considered the advantages and disadvantages of exporting as a market entry strategy, it is clear that co mpanies must strike a balance between risk aversion and customer contact. SMEs have minimal resources so they are bound to be more risk averse than MNEs; exporting is thus ideal for them. Besides, SMEs are still at the early stages of business growth, so they need to learn new markets before they can increase their commitment. On the other hand, MNEs have already reached a maturity phase, their concern should be cost savings in production rather than risk aversion, so exporting would not make much sense.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Exporting Strategies of SME and MNE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Small and medium sized enterprises are in a position to offer highly personalised service; conversely, MNEs may not prioritise this issue as much as smaller firm, so exporting would be more suitable for SMEs. Nonetheless, both organisations may need to exert control over their businesses if they sell technical items or if they value their brand image. Furthermore, an MNE may have experienced a series of internationalisation failures in various markets; therefore, it may be more risk averse than usual (Ahsan Musteen, 2011). The dependence of most exporting businesses on people power may cause SMEs and MNEs to consider the strategy. Customer support is still a valued trait regardless of whether an enterprise is small or large. Conclusion The low level of commitment associated with exporting strategies is highly appropriate for SMEs as they have few resources and are still growing. SMEs do not have the luxury of risk-taking, and they value the personalisation of services; these are all qualities that are synonymous with exporting. Conversely, MNEs can afford risk and if they choose exporting, they would loose the benefit of transferring production to an economical location. Furthermore, some of the benefits of exporting, like personalisation of services, are not valuable to MNEs. These factors ma ke exporting more appropriate for SMEs than MNEs References Ahsan, M Musteen, M 2011, ‘Multinational enterprises’ entry mode strategies and uncertainty: A review and extension’, International Journal of Management Reviews, vol. 13 no. 4, pp. 376-392. Lis, B, Nienstedt, H, Proner, P, Yalazo, G Mauch, A 2012, ‘SMEs going global: A comparison of internationalisation strategies of publishers and online social networks’, International Review of Management and Marketing, vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 1-9. Rialp, A, Rialp, J Knight, M 2005, ‘The phenomenon of international new ventures, global start ups and born-globals: what do we know after a decade (1993-2002) of exhaustive scientific inquiry?’, International Business Review, vol. 14, pp. 147-166.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Taylor, C, Osland, G Zou, S 2000, ‘Foreign market entry strategies of Japanese MNCs’, International Marketing Review, vol. 17 no. 2, pp. 146-156. Whelan, J, Marshall, R Ryan, G 2011, ‘Multinational companies account for bulk of irish exports’, IDA Ireland, 27 July, p. 15.

Pottie Training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pottie Training - Essay Example By using diapers, we condition and thereby train baby to go in them. Later the child must unlearn this training" (Brazelton et al, 2001, p.1353). This negligence of previous knowledge can be traumatic for a child. The scholar also holds that infants from their early childhood make attempts to communicate and articulate toileting needs to their parents as well as to discuss their awareness of elimination process, but facing the parent's low understanding, looses contact with elimination functions and uses diapers, imposed by adults, as a toilet (Brazelton et al, 2001). The child is thus forced to avoid caring about this function and finally forgets the need for more appropriate toilet. Furthermore, self-training in this case is highly unreliable, so it important for a parent to provide assistance in disposal system 'adjustment'. Graham Hocking (2005) assumes that potty training is most relevant between the 18th and 24th months of the infant's life, as at this time he/she is already able to give signals when diaper becomes wet or soiled, i.e. the child obtains complete awareness of disposal system and elimination issues and needs to optimize these processes so that he/she has more freedom in movements and activities. Developmental readiness for potty training is also determined by other psycholophysiological factors, such as distinguishing the processes of urinating and voiding and reflecting upon them - for instance, asking questions if the infant can talk by that time. The child should also walk and sit well as well as be capable of primary activity coordination (walk in the desirable directions, make simplest voluntarily manipulations, e.g. put on or take off pants). The child's interest is probably the main determinant of successful potty training - and the majority of 1,5-2-year-old babies really wish t o try on 'big kid's underwear'. I would also like to note that some scholars offer potty training at the age of 6 months, when learning window opens (Brazelton et al, 2001; Blum et al, 2003), since this period is characterized by the rapid development of reflexes and reactions to the parent's voice and gestures. On the other hand, Ganger argues that at this period the baby is extremely weak in physical sense, so additional training will require changes in the basis of the baby's life. In order to begin toilet teaching, the adults should discuss disposal issues with the child. M.Macias (2006) present specific guidelines for this conversation: "Tell him that everyone goes potty (even animals) and it's a normal part of life. Talk with him about the toilet, a special place where he can potty. Tell him how the potty works and let him try flushing himself. Explain that he's going to be wearing underwear instead of diapers, just like you" (Macias, 2006, p.417). In case of availability, it is also helpful to give visual examples for toileting and involve other siblings who can explain the same question in different words. Furthermore, the purchase of underwear and a potty chair is necessary, and the child should be given an opportunity to participate in selecting the 'equipment', as the decision-making process in future will provide more cognitive commitment to elimination

REFLECTIVE STATEMENT ON PAST CLASSWORK Assignment

REFLECTIVE STATEMENT ON PAST CLASSWORK - Assignment Example The site was also well maintained and retained its functionality at all times. This facilitated study and contributed to the preparation for the final papers. At a personal level, the course was an eye opener to opportunities that exist for personal career growth and development. From the presentation of the course outline, it was clear that the training offered would be rigorous as well as holistic in its approach to the subject. The learning program was full of fun due to the practical activities that enabled me to learn by doing thus breaking the monotony of theory. Being able to interact freely with classmates and have meaningful discussions always made me feel valued due to the positive responses I got from colleagues. The tutors were always helpful and gave their support over and above what they were obliged to do. As a result, the course has contributed to my pursuance of the goal of attaining professional skills to ensure that I enter the job market when planned. Secondly, my goal to help disseminate knowledge has also been enhanced as I have acquired education that will propel me to teaching positions in future. Currently, I am a ble to share knowledge acquired through discussions with colleagues. I will build upon the training obtained to open opportunities for further studies and become a course tutor. The course has also enabled me to practice my values in pursuance of success. Since I am a hardworking and dedicated person, I have been able to concentrate on the rigorous work so as to finish assignments in time and to read all material in the time allocated as required. I have also utilized my strengths to advance performance both in class and outside of class. In the class environment, my ability to understand learnt material and put it to practical use has tremendously improved. Each time I learn a new concept, I almost certainly evaluate how to put it into practice. Finally, the rubric was written clearly and precisely. This enabled me

Exponential Decay of a Transition Metal Complex Ion Lab Report

Exponential Decay of a Transition Metal Complex Ion - Lab Report Example It has shown that the rate of alpha, beta, and electron capture decays all depend on temperature and whether they are placed in an insulating or a conducting material. Thats exciting because it raises the possibility of treating radioactive waste products. But it also raises a problem for particle physicists whose entire standard model assumes that decay rates cannot be influenced by external factors. The two are unrelated, so no there is no relationship between the two properties. I dont think temperature has anything to do with the nucleonic states, only the kinetic energy of the electrons in a solid. So temperature should have no effect on half life. In fact, temperature and chemical changes have no effect on the decay of nuclides. The only way to change the half life is to move it at relativistic speeds and then it becomes a matter of which reference frame you measure it in. In fact for the frame at rest with the nuclide there is no change in half life at relativistic

Impact of Project Management on Mergers and Acquisition

Impact of Project Management on Mergers and Acquisition In todays complex and competitive global business environment, organizations must adapt to changing environmental conditions by continuously initiating changes in order to remain competitive and profitable. These changes occurs when organizations undertake such changes as implementation new technologies, mergers or acquisition, downsizing, restructuring operations, and outsourcing. During these changes if companies implement programmes like six-sigma or business process improvement then according to Hayes(2002), these changes are usually prompted by a need to maintain or improve an organization effectiveness where effectiveness relates to the organizations ability to use recourse efficiently to achieve immediate goals as well as embracing the need to changing conditions to be to remain efficient over the long term (Carnell, 1999). According to France, Harrington and Marguire (1987), improving an organization effectiveness has important consequences for its overall corporate performan ce. Despite the available of a number of models to aid the successful diagnosis and implementation of change effort, Beer and Nohria (2000,p.88) claims that 70% of all changes initiates fail because managers immerse themselves in an alphabet soup of initiatives without fully understanding the nature and process of corporate change. Therefore there is organization growth is very much important to understand how changes occur so that they can better manage the change process to improve their organizational effectiveness. Rationale of Research The benefits of this importance of this research help us to understand the impact of change management. Merger and acquisition are very much frequent nowadays. Everyone passes Merger and acquisition either themselves working in an organization or someone who is working or owning shares in the firm or merged with another organization. When firms merges between two organizations under takes changes. This change can be in positive or may be the other side of suffering. This motives has been studies previously in the financial sectors, however it frequently linked with the acquisition and merging process. Based on a literature review it has been said that there are two main types of motives for mergers and acquisition. First motive reason is the financial reason, such as increasing the overall performance and creating value for shareholder. Second reason is the non value maximizing managerially based motive. Recently due the economic situation, cross borders Mergers and Acquisition activities have risen significantly. Countries in the Europe are very much involved in the Mergers and Acquisition market. The acquisition motive is therefore often linked to acquisition and integration strategies and outcome in the research. Hence it is important to know and understand the process of acquisitions and help to make it more effective in order to gain extra benefits arising of it. Mainly to review the different kinds of product and processes these two companies has and find the positives for a final decision. This research explains the impact of project management merging acquisition between GE Money and Banco Santander. This comparison review answers the importance of integration process in making the acquisition more effective. Limitation of Research When analysis the Acquisition project we need to remember one key fact that the process actually is long drawn out and can take months or years to be completed. The organizational change takes places and this can be sure when the change will be effective for the organizations. Hence due to time constraints, it was not possible for this study to look at any particular Acquisition deal across its lifecycle. To analyse this research I have relied on information got through sources like, management team meeting, financial books and reports. CHAPTER 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Aim The aim of the research to find out the impact of project management on mergers and acquisitions. This aim is to organize and review the relevant literature on organizational change. Objectives Primary To study the impact of Project management on Mergers and Acquisitions. Secondary To understand the importance of Project management on Mergers and Acquisition. To understand the importance of the integration in the Acquisition. To study the importance and need of Project management tools and techniques on the process of Integration. To analyse the success on implementation of Project management approach in mergers and acquisitions. CHAPTER 3 OUTLINE OF RESEARCH LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Definition of Mergers and Acquisition Many authors have explained and written several definitions about merging and acquisitions, some of them are mentioned below. According to Joseph (2008), Change management is a loosely defined term that refers to a broad array of activities and initiatives that occurs in the workplace. As such in order of effective, a change management program must integrate those programs elements that address any of the variety of elements, communication, training, testing, program planning, market analysis and implementation of new policies and procedures. According to Gaughan (1996), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A merger is a combination of two corporations in which only one corporation survives and the merged corporation goes out of existenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (1). He explained that according to merger the acquiring company assumes the assets and liabilities of the merged company. A statutory merger differs from a subsidiary merger, which is a merger of two companies in which the target company becomes a subsidiary or part of a subsidiary of the parent company. Gaughan also states that a merger differs from a consolidation which is a business combination where two or more company joins to form a new company. In this all combining companies get dissolved and new company is formed. For E.g.: There are two companies. Company A and Company B, where B is merged with A. In a consolidation (Company A + Company B = Company C). In this Company C is entirely a new company. There are differences between the terms merger and acquisition, however many terms between mergers and acquisition are interchangeable. According to Sudarsanam (2003), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In a merger, the corporations come together to combine and share their resources to achieve common objectives. The shareholders of the combining firms often remain as joint owners of the combined entity.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (2) Pearson (1989), An acquisition profile is a written documentation of description of the importance features required in a company to be acquired. This profile is a valuable aid and should be signed off by the senior management team (Board of Directors), to authorise work to proceed. Both the companies are adequate to give a description which will focus the search for the suitable companies, which means that the company which fall out of the acquisition profile will be rejected with a minimum of time and effort. (3) According to Sudarsanam (2003), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An acquisition resembles more of an arms length deal, with one firm purchasing the assets or shares of another, and with the acquired firms shareholders ceasing to be owners of that firm.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 3.2 Types of Mergers Merger and Acquisition is depends on the particular company to which it target company is acquired. An organization or company will try to merge or acquire only when it has come to a stage of expand its operation to make it growth internal strength. The company aims to have its position stabilized under business growth, finance, and be a leader in the market. According to Neirinckx (1999) he explains this in detail three types of mergers and acquisition. 3.2.1 Horizontal Mergers Acquisition The best acquisition of this type tends to be companies, which have a high quality product line and are trading in market where the acquirer is also present. The horizontal acquisition allows rationalism and thus allows an improved cash flow. Horizontal acquisition are however not a guarantee for success. One of the variables which need to be considered whether one major acquisition is desirable or whether a series of smaller ones is preferred. Sequential acquisition of smaller companies tend to be more successful because the digestion of a very large acquisition is complex and entails a lot of dangers, such as integrating two potential different cultures into one. The main reason of these mergers in to obtain economy in sales production. These mergers results in reduce of firms in an industry, due to which such mergers types becomes easier for the industry to join together for monopoly gain or profit. Example: In 1998 Merging and acquisition which took place Exxon and Mobil which can be considered as a typical example for horizontal mergers and acquisition 3.2.2 Vertical Mergers Acquisition A company proceed in a vertical merger when its usually seeks to merger with another company to takeover another company especially to expand its operations by the process of integration. Organizations integrate vertically between different stages due to reasons like improves planning for inventory and production, technological economies, reconciliation of divergent interests of parties to a transaction, elimination of transaction costs, etc. Vertical acquisition have a very bad reputation and while many companies are actually reducing their vertical integration. Example: In 1993 a Merging and acquisition took place between Merck and Medco in the pharmaceutical Industry. 3.2.3 Concentric Mergers Acquisition According to Neirinckx, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Typically this means the acquisition of companies in business areas which are connected to the core business.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This happens when the company feels strong in its basis of technologies distribution or marketing. Companies engage in concentric merging and acquisition tends to make a limited line of products and are very strong in one of the business segments. This happens in slow growing firms and is being used by companies which occupy a rather narrow segment of a widely spread firm and took for higher profit margin in other firms. 3.2.4 Conglomerate Mergers Acquisition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Conglomerates are group of companies that operate in widely diverse industry.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Coyle, 2000 p 22). According to John C. Narver à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The definitions of conglomerate mergers in the report referred to little or no discernible relationship between acquiring and acquired firm.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? According Guaghan (1996 p. 7), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A conglomerate merger occurs when the companies are not competitors and do not have a buyer- seller relationship.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This conglomerate mergers Acquisition can be distinguished between two types. Financial Conglomerates Managerial Conglomerates 3.3 Motives of Mergers According to Hilda, (2000), the motives behind mergers are complex. Freidrich Trautwein was one of the researchers to attempt to make sense of the various theories extended to explain the allure of mergers. Freidrich Trautwein identified seven theories and looking at examples of organizations espousing that motive, investigated evidence of that motive and plausibility of the theory. The theories Freidrich Trautwein examined were:- Efficiency Monopoly Valuation Empire Building Process Raider Disturbance Stephen Wernet and Sandra Jones suggest that there is a difference in motive between for profit and non- profit companies. In the profit sector mergers are understood from the perspective of the purchaser not the acquired firm, and occur as a strategy for growth and expansion. In the nonprofit sector, resource scarcity and environmental uncertainty motivate mergers. 3.4 Defining an Acquisition Profile Acquisition profile needs to be described with quantitative and qualitative features which are very much important to the acquiring company. Pearson (1989) explains the content of an acquisition profile must have a description of the acquisition project. The profile has been explained below according to him. (4) 3.2.1 Market segment, Product and Services 3.2.2 Commercial Rationale 3.2.3 Maximum Cash Available For Acquisition 3.2.4 Maximum Total Purchase consideration 3.2.5 Minimum Size 3.2.6 Minimum Profitability 3.2.7 Management Style 3.2.8 Location 3.2.9 Key Requirements for Success 3.2.10 Financial Returns to be achieved 3.5 Overseas Acquisition Overseas acquisition is not as normal as acquisition of companies within the same countries. Lets study the more about overseas acquisition. Pearson, (1989). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Acquiring a company overseas needs proper research and analysis at the outset. It could prove to be an expensive ego trip. An overseas acquisition should be demonstrably relevant to defined corporate objectives and strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. If there is a depression in the home market, however the same business may find growth in the overseas market. Overseas growth may provide the opportunity to develop the business. According to Pearson, Politically a business which is multinational is less vulnerable to threats such as nationalization. There are risks involved the overseas acquisition such as customer resistance to overseas owned companies, different culture, language difficulties and local regulation rule. It is important that the acquiring company need to examine where to extend it business and also selecting the country under business development and profitability. 3.6 Selecting the Country The country for acquisition must be chosen before an acquisition profile. This involves in market research and some key factors. According to Pearson, there are five key factors for selecting the country for acquisition. The key factors are mention and explained below in detail. 3.6.1 Political Stability 3.6.2 Cultural and Social Background 3.6.3 Economic Environment 3.6.4 Legal Requirement 3.6.5 Taxation and Repatriation of Funds 3.6.1 Political Stability The political stability depends on the payback time for an overseas investment. This is like setting up a company in the rented premises and then the packback period would be less than two years. For an acquisition the time period is much longer. There are political instability like civil unrest, national strike and local wars. Political stability for many countries will be ruled out on this factor. 3.6.2 Cultural and Social Background Pearson, (1989), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is important that the country accepts overseas ownership of business, a ownership the implications of capitalism involvedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Foreign investors are treated differently than home investors. In some countries they offer valuable incentives where as other side discriminate against foreign ownership. The education standard, communication and services need to be adequate to support the business and management style. The health and safety hazard need to checked. In some countries, its not safe for executives and family lifestyle due to many kidnapping and unacceptable threat of violence. Precautions and insurance for personal safety may be required. Business culture and ethics varies from country to country. In some countries it may be not possible to run the business effectively without paying bride to get things approved. 3.6.3 Economic Environment According to Pearson, the ideal country will combine the prospect of good growth in the relevant market sector and acceptable levels of inflation with a relatively stable currency. The economic growth in some country may be poor, however in some markets will still open doors for attractive investment opportunity. 3.6.4 Legal Requirements Government approval is required to complete an acquisition. Anti trust and monopoly issues legislation may exist. Local advisers are needed to complete a course to meet the legal requirement of the country. In acquisition there will be need to meet the local requirements and these are known as outset. Adding to Anti trust rules and regulations there will be exchange control regulation, Law of employment and other legal laws which is required. 3.6.5 Taxation and Repatriation of Funds Investment in an overseas acquisition need to be evaluated for net of taxes. Taxation rate, tariff, incentives double taxation agreement and withhold taxation must be taken in to account. Fund that are invested in the net of taxation, it is not necessary to achieve an acceptable rate of return. The rule for repatriation of profits and capital should provide adequate scope for funds movements. As per the above factor a satisfactory country should always be possible. It is very much important to check that enough suitable potential acquisition companies exist and the purchase price, company expectations are to be acceptable. 3.7 Reason for Merging and Acquisition According to Gaughan, there are several reasons and motives that firm might engage in merging and acquisition. Out of all motives and reason one of the main motives is expansion. Acquiring a company in a business line or geographic area where the company may want to expand can be quicker than internal expansion. Acquisition of a company may provide certain synergistic benefits for the acquirer, such as two lines of business complement one another. An acquisition can also be a part of diversification process that allows the company to move into a different line of business. When firms get engaged in merging and acquisition for the motive of expansion, the cite potential gain as one of the reason for the transaction. Financial factor motivates some merging and acquisition. For E.g., An acquirers financial analysis may reveal that the target is undervalued, which is the value of the buyer may be significantly in excess of the market value of the target. Even when a premium that is normally associated with changes in control is always added to the acquisition price. Apart from this tax motivation also plays a major role in acquisition. 3.8 Definition of Project Management According to James P Lewis, he defines project management as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“application of knowledge skills tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Project management is accomplished through the application and integration of the project management processes of initiating, planning , executing, monitoring, controlling and closing. According to Timothy J. Kloppenborg, Arthur Shriberg, Jayashree Venkatraman, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A project is a temporaray endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Project management is the application of skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements, which in turns requires project management to understand to project objectives, limitations, lifecycle and roles of the participants. 3.9 What is Project Management? Project management is a set of principles, method, and techniques that people use to effectively plan and control project work. It established a sound basis for effective planning, scheduling, resourcing, decision-making, controlling and replanning. Project management principle and techniques help complete projects on scheduled, within budget and in full accordance with project specifications. At the same time, they help achieve the other goals of the organization, such as productivity, quality and cost effectiveness. The objective of project management is to optimize project cost, time and quality. 3.10 Importance of Project Management In this world many people become project with knowing the meaning of projects. Someone assign them to manage a project because of their areas of expertise, not because they have received any by accident, it will become a disaster. Learning project management skills can help you complete projects on time, on budgets and on targets. The discipline of project management includes proven strategies for clarifying projects objectives, avoiding serious errors of omissions and eliminating costly mistakes. It also addresses the necessary people skills for getting the cooperation, support and resource to get the job done. Project management is not just for project managers. Team members need to know how carry out their parts of the project and business executive need to understand how to support project management efforts in the organization. 3.11 Project Management Role According to Gary Heerkens, project success will depends on personality traits like honesty, tolerance for ambiguity and openness. However skills required to make a process to go smooth. Paying constant attention to communication, making sure that, the project sponsor and the team members are clear on boundaries and expectation, documenting the project process (task, responsibilities, and relationships) and understanding customer and business needs. There are three main project management skills which are mandatory to have to lead or be a part of a project. 3.11.1 Develop Process Management Skill Learn tools for coordinating the work of many people. Get comfortable dealing with managers on issues of expectations, cost, scheduled and resources. 3.11.2 Build Your Interpersonal Skill Project management is all about getting things done through other people. Work on written and oral communication skills. Learn how to negotiate and influence. Become a coach and mentor to your project members. 3.11.3 Build a Project Network In all likelihood, your project will involve issues that are beyond your own area expertise. You should educate yourself as much as possible about the work your organization does, but it also helps to make contacts with people from diverse areas of your company. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH PLAN AND METHOD 4.1 Methodology The methodology part specify details about the research method design, which indicates the action plan which has been followed to carry out the research to find the impact of project management on mergers and acquisitions. The amount of information which are collected, along with the techniques are used for sampling the data collection method. This also includes the data collected by primary and secondary resource. Data analysis process or method and limitation of the research that impacts the study are also explained. 4.2 Research Design This research will help us to understand the impact of project management for mergers and acquisitions. It has become clear that several ways of doing things may have to be melded and compared before the aims can be fully met. Researches will need to be conducted on the impact on mergers and acquisition firms. We need to evaluate reliability and efficiency under real world conditions using various techniques. This data would be helpful in determine what steps does the organization takes when it comes to change between the organization in terms of mergers and acquisitions. This research will follow the methods of qualitative, inductive, deductive, experimental and empirical research methods. The chapter begins with the introduction, rationale of research, literature review followed by the aims and objectives of the research. Then the research approach, research design, data collection, survey design, data analysis and questionnaire design are discussed. The chapter ends with the outco mes and limitations of the research. This research will be followed as per the below step. Objectives Development Primary and Secondary Data Collection Questionnaire Preparation Design Sample Data Analysis Calculation Final Report This research was designed to achieve the objectives mentioned above. The below mention are the tool used for data collection. Data collection method, Sampling size, frame and technique. 4.3 Data Analysis The data is collected from the actual respondents, the next step in the research process is data analysis. The purpose of this analysis is to interpret and draw conclusions from the collected date. Here a four-step procedure is followed for data analysis. Editing. Coding. Data entry. Tabulation. 4.4 Research Planning First 2 weeks of February 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Collection of Literature Last 2 weeks of February 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Preparation of research methodology and preparation of questionnaire In First 2 weeks of March 2010 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Collection of primary/secondary data Last two weeks of March 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Critical analysis of data Last week of March 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Drawing a conclusion First weeks of April 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Drafting the final report Second weeks of April 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Final report documentation Graphical Representation for Research Planning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This presentation shows that for the first two weeks will be required to collect the primary data. During this process it ensures that the researcher is equipped or has received the sufficient knowledge about the topic under research. This gained knowledge would help the researcher in his further course of the research. This is based on this literature review where the statement of the problem is explained. Based on statement of the problem, the exact research methodology is taken out and the questionnaire for primary data will be designed. After this the primary data collection begins, which takes longer time to complete about 3 weeks. At this stage the researcher (I) has to make sure that he receive the maximum or highest number of respondents. This process takes close to two weeks. Followed by this we have the most critical part of the research, which is the analysis of primary data and secondary data. To complete this analysis process it takes about two weeks. Once this analysis is completed accurately the researcher needs another week for writing the conclusion and result from the analysis, followed by another week for drafting and finalizing the report Based on the resources given, in terms of knowledge or skill of the researcher, and the time available for conducting the research with access to a wide range of relevant or accurate data and information, the above plan is the most feasible one for successfully conducting the research and obtaining results. CHAPTER 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 5.1 Conclusion The conclusion of this research would give a clear picture of the successful acquisition and integration process and how Santander continues to grow in this business. 5.2 Bibliography This topic which I have chosen is an acquisition project between GE and Santander, with regards to the integration of product and processes of the two organizations. The content was taken from newspapers, journals, articles, internet, internal email and interviews. There will be few interviews taken under this topic, with the senior directors and manager in the organizations. I being an employee for Santander UK, and a lead member of an integration and migration project in the New Business Department, getting information will be easy as I have an authorization from my manager. During this research I have referred to many books, meeting with the senior management team, discussion with all required departments to deliver the integration with values. I hereby will confirm that the all information which will be taken will very much be mention as references and index on the final dissertation. Impact of Project Management on Mergers and Acquisition Impact of Project Management on Mergers and Acquisition In todays complex and competitive global business environment, organizations must adapt to changing environmental conditions by continuously initiating changes in order to remain competitive and profitable. These changes occurs when organizations undertake such changes as implementation new technologies, mergers or acquisition, downsizing, restructuring operations, and outsourcing. During these changes if companies implement programmes like six-sigma or business process improvement then according to Hayes(2002), these changes are usually prompted by a need to maintain or improve an organization effectiveness where effectiveness relates to the organizations ability to use recourse efficiently to achieve immediate goals as well as embracing the need to changing conditions to be to remain efficient over the long term (Carnell, 1999). According to France, Harrington and Marguire (1987), improving an organization effectiveness has important consequences for its overall corporate performan ce. Despite the available of a number of models to aid the successful diagnosis and implementation of change effort, Beer and Nohria (2000,p.88) claims that 70% of all changes initiates fail because managers immerse themselves in an alphabet soup of initiatives without fully understanding the nature and process of corporate change. Therefore there is organization growth is very much important to understand how changes occur so that they can better manage the change process to improve their organizational effectiveness. Rationale of Research The benefits of this importance of this research help us to understand the impact of change management. Merger and acquisition are very much frequent nowadays. Everyone passes Merger and acquisition either themselves working in an organization or someone who is working or owning shares in the firm or merged with another organization. When firms merges between two organizations under takes changes. This change can be in positive or may be the other side of suffering. This motives has been studies previously in the financial sectors, however it frequently linked with the acquisition and merging process. Based on a literature review it has been said that there are two main types of motives for mergers and acquisition. First motive reason is the financial reason, such as increasing the overall performance and creating value for shareholder. Second reason is the non value maximizing managerially based motive. Recently due the economic situation, cross borders Mergers and Acquisition activities have risen significantly. Countries in the Europe are very much involved in the Mergers and Acquisition market. The acquisition motive is therefore often linked to acquisition and integration strategies and outcome in the research. Hence it is important to know and understand the process of acquisitions and help to make it more effective in order to gain extra benefits arising of it. Mainly to review the different kinds of product and processes these two companies has and find the positives for a final decision. This research explains the impact of project management merging acquisition between GE Money and Banco Santander. This comparison review answers the importance of integration process in making the acquisition more effective. Limitation of Research When analysis the Acquisition project we need to remember one key fact that the process actually is long drawn out and can take months or years to be completed. The organizational change takes places and this can be sure when the change will be effective for the organizations. Hence due to time constraints, it was not possible for this study to look at any particular Acquisition deal across its lifecycle. To analyse this research I have relied on information got through sources like, management team meeting, financial books and reports. CHAPTER 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Aim The aim of the research to find out the impact of project management on mergers and acquisitions. This aim is to organize and review the relevant literature on organizational change. Objectives Primary To study the impact of Project management on Mergers and Acquisitions. Secondary To understand the importance of Project management on Mergers and Acquisition. To understand the importance of the integration in the Acquisition. To study the importance and need of Project management tools and techniques on the process of Integration. To analyse the success on implementation of Project management approach in mergers and acquisitions. CHAPTER 3 OUTLINE OF RESEARCH LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Definition of Mergers and Acquisition Many authors have explained and written several definitions about merging and acquisitions, some of them are mentioned below. According to Joseph (2008), Change management is a loosely defined term that refers to a broad array of activities and initiatives that occurs in the workplace. As such in order of effective, a change management program must integrate those programs elements that address any of the variety of elements, communication, training, testing, program planning, market analysis and implementation of new policies and procedures. According to Gaughan (1996), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A merger is a combination of two corporations in which only one corporation survives and the merged corporation goes out of existenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (1). He explained that according to merger the acquiring company assumes the assets and liabilities of the merged company. A statutory merger differs from a subsidiary merger, which is a merger of two companies in which the target company becomes a subsidiary or part of a subsidiary of the parent company. Gaughan also states that a merger differs from a consolidation which is a business combination where two or more company joins to form a new company. In this all combining companies get dissolved and new company is formed. For E.g.: There are two companies. Company A and Company B, where B is merged with A. In a consolidation (Company A + Company B = Company C). In this Company C is entirely a new company. There are differences between the terms merger and acquisition, however many terms between mergers and acquisition are interchangeable. According to Sudarsanam (2003), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In a merger, the corporations come together to combine and share their resources to achieve common objectives. The shareholders of the combining firms often remain as joint owners of the combined entity.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (2) Pearson (1989), An acquisition profile is a written documentation of description of the importance features required in a company to be acquired. This profile is a valuable aid and should be signed off by the senior management team (Board of Directors), to authorise work to proceed. Both the companies are adequate to give a description which will focus the search for the suitable companies, which means that the company which fall out of the acquisition profile will be rejected with a minimum of time and effort. (3) According to Sudarsanam (2003), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An acquisition resembles more of an arms length deal, with one firm purchasing the assets or shares of another, and with the acquired firms shareholders ceasing to be owners of that firm.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 3.2 Types of Mergers Merger and Acquisition is depends on the particular company to which it target company is acquired. An organization or company will try to merge or acquire only when it has come to a stage of expand its operation to make it growth internal strength. The company aims to have its position stabilized under business growth, finance, and be a leader in the market. According to Neirinckx (1999) he explains this in detail three types of mergers and acquisition. 3.2.1 Horizontal Mergers Acquisition The best acquisition of this type tends to be companies, which have a high quality product line and are trading in market where the acquirer is also present. The horizontal acquisition allows rationalism and thus allows an improved cash flow. Horizontal acquisition are however not a guarantee for success. One of the variables which need to be considered whether one major acquisition is desirable or whether a series of smaller ones is preferred. Sequential acquisition of smaller companies tend to be more successful because the digestion of a very large acquisition is complex and entails a lot of dangers, such as integrating two potential different cultures into one. The main reason of these mergers in to obtain economy in sales production. These mergers results in reduce of firms in an industry, due to which such mergers types becomes easier for the industry to join together for monopoly gain or profit. Example: In 1998 Merging and acquisition which took place Exxon and Mobil which can be considered as a typical example for horizontal mergers and acquisition 3.2.2 Vertical Mergers Acquisition A company proceed in a vertical merger when its usually seeks to merger with another company to takeover another company especially to expand its operations by the process of integration. Organizations integrate vertically between different stages due to reasons like improves planning for inventory and production, technological economies, reconciliation of divergent interests of parties to a transaction, elimination of transaction costs, etc. Vertical acquisition have a very bad reputation and while many companies are actually reducing their vertical integration. Example: In 1993 a Merging and acquisition took place between Merck and Medco in the pharmaceutical Industry. 3.2.3 Concentric Mergers Acquisition According to Neirinckx, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Typically this means the acquisition of companies in business areas which are connected to the core business.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This happens when the company feels strong in its basis of technologies distribution or marketing. Companies engage in concentric merging and acquisition tends to make a limited line of products and are very strong in one of the business segments. This happens in slow growing firms and is being used by companies which occupy a rather narrow segment of a widely spread firm and took for higher profit margin in other firms. 3.2.4 Conglomerate Mergers Acquisition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Conglomerates are group of companies that operate in widely diverse industry.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Coyle, 2000 p 22). According to John C. Narver à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The definitions of conglomerate mergers in the report referred to little or no discernible relationship between acquiring and acquired firm.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? According Guaghan (1996 p. 7), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A conglomerate merger occurs when the companies are not competitors and do not have a buyer- seller relationship.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This conglomerate mergers Acquisition can be distinguished between two types. Financial Conglomerates Managerial Conglomerates 3.3 Motives of Mergers According to Hilda, (2000), the motives behind mergers are complex. Freidrich Trautwein was one of the researchers to attempt to make sense of the various theories extended to explain the allure of mergers. Freidrich Trautwein identified seven theories and looking at examples of organizations espousing that motive, investigated evidence of that motive and plausibility of the theory. The theories Freidrich Trautwein examined were:- Efficiency Monopoly Valuation Empire Building Process Raider Disturbance Stephen Wernet and Sandra Jones suggest that there is a difference in motive between for profit and non- profit companies. In the profit sector mergers are understood from the perspective of the purchaser not the acquired firm, and occur as a strategy for growth and expansion. In the nonprofit sector, resource scarcity and environmental uncertainty motivate mergers. 3.4 Defining an Acquisition Profile Acquisition profile needs to be described with quantitative and qualitative features which are very much important to the acquiring company. Pearson (1989) explains the content of an acquisition profile must have a description of the acquisition project. The profile has been explained below according to him. (4) 3.2.1 Market segment, Product and Services 3.2.2 Commercial Rationale 3.2.3 Maximum Cash Available For Acquisition 3.2.4 Maximum Total Purchase consideration 3.2.5 Minimum Size 3.2.6 Minimum Profitability 3.2.7 Management Style 3.2.8 Location 3.2.9 Key Requirements for Success 3.2.10 Financial Returns to be achieved 3.5 Overseas Acquisition Overseas acquisition is not as normal as acquisition of companies within the same countries. Lets study the more about overseas acquisition. Pearson, (1989). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Acquiring a company overseas needs proper research and analysis at the outset. It could prove to be an expensive ego trip. An overseas acquisition should be demonstrably relevant to defined corporate objectives and strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. If there is a depression in the home market, however the same business may find growth in the overseas market. Overseas growth may provide the opportunity to develop the business. According to Pearson, Politically a business which is multinational is less vulnerable to threats such as nationalization. There are risks involved the overseas acquisition such as customer resistance to overseas owned companies, different culture, language difficulties and local regulation rule. It is important that the acquiring company need to examine where to extend it business and also selecting the country under business development and profitability. 3.6 Selecting the Country The country for acquisition must be chosen before an acquisition profile. This involves in market research and some key factors. According to Pearson, there are five key factors for selecting the country for acquisition. The key factors are mention and explained below in detail. 3.6.1 Political Stability 3.6.2 Cultural and Social Background 3.6.3 Economic Environment 3.6.4 Legal Requirement 3.6.5 Taxation and Repatriation of Funds 3.6.1 Political Stability The political stability depends on the payback time for an overseas investment. This is like setting up a company in the rented premises and then the packback period would be less than two years. For an acquisition the time period is much longer. There are political instability like civil unrest, national strike and local wars. Political stability for many countries will be ruled out on this factor. 3.6.2 Cultural and Social Background Pearson, (1989), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is important that the country accepts overseas ownership of business, a ownership the implications of capitalism involvedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Foreign investors are treated differently than home investors. In some countries they offer valuable incentives where as other side discriminate against foreign ownership. The education standard, communication and services need to be adequate to support the business and management style. The health and safety hazard need to checked. In some countries, its not safe for executives and family lifestyle due to many kidnapping and unacceptable threat of violence. Precautions and insurance for personal safety may be required. Business culture and ethics varies from country to country. In some countries it may be not possible to run the business effectively without paying bride to get things approved. 3.6.3 Economic Environment According to Pearson, the ideal country will combine the prospect of good growth in the relevant market sector and acceptable levels of inflation with a relatively stable currency. The economic growth in some country may be poor, however in some markets will still open doors for attractive investment opportunity. 3.6.4 Legal Requirements Government approval is required to complete an acquisition. Anti trust and monopoly issues legislation may exist. Local advisers are needed to complete a course to meet the legal requirement of the country. In acquisition there will be need to meet the local requirements and these are known as outset. Adding to Anti trust rules and regulations there will be exchange control regulation, Law of employment and other legal laws which is required. 3.6.5 Taxation and Repatriation of Funds Investment in an overseas acquisition need to be evaluated for net of taxes. Taxation rate, tariff, incentives double taxation agreement and withhold taxation must be taken in to account. Fund that are invested in the net of taxation, it is not necessary to achieve an acceptable rate of return. The rule for repatriation of profits and capital should provide adequate scope for funds movements. As per the above factor a satisfactory country should always be possible. It is very much important to check that enough suitable potential acquisition companies exist and the purchase price, company expectations are to be acceptable. 3.7 Reason for Merging and Acquisition According to Gaughan, there are several reasons and motives that firm might engage in merging and acquisition. Out of all motives and reason one of the main motives is expansion. Acquiring a company in a business line or geographic area where the company may want to expand can be quicker than internal expansion. Acquisition of a company may provide certain synergistic benefits for the acquirer, such as two lines of business complement one another. An acquisition can also be a part of diversification process that allows the company to move into a different line of business. When firms get engaged in merging and acquisition for the motive of expansion, the cite potential gain as one of the reason for the transaction. Financial factor motivates some merging and acquisition. For E.g., An acquirers financial analysis may reveal that the target is undervalued, which is the value of the buyer may be significantly in excess of the market value of the target. Even when a premium that is normally associated with changes in control is always added to the acquisition price. Apart from this tax motivation also plays a major role in acquisition. 3.8 Definition of Project Management According to James P Lewis, he defines project management as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“application of knowledge skills tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Project management is accomplished through the application and integration of the project management processes of initiating, planning , executing, monitoring, controlling and closing. According to Timothy J. Kloppenborg, Arthur Shriberg, Jayashree Venkatraman, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A project is a temporaray endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Project management is the application of skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements, which in turns requires project management to understand to project objectives, limitations, lifecycle and roles of the participants. 3.9 What is Project Management? Project management is a set of principles, method, and techniques that people use to effectively plan and control project work. It established a sound basis for effective planning, scheduling, resourcing, decision-making, controlling and replanning. Project management principle and techniques help complete projects on scheduled, within budget and in full accordance with project specifications. At the same time, they help achieve the other goals of the organization, such as productivity, quality and cost effectiveness. The objective of project management is to optimize project cost, time and quality. 3.10 Importance of Project Management In this world many people become project with knowing the meaning of projects. Someone assign them to manage a project because of their areas of expertise, not because they have received any by accident, it will become a disaster. Learning project management skills can help you complete projects on time, on budgets and on targets. The discipline of project management includes proven strategies for clarifying projects objectives, avoiding serious errors of omissions and eliminating costly mistakes. It also addresses the necessary people skills for getting the cooperation, support and resource to get the job done. Project management is not just for project managers. Team members need to know how carry out their parts of the project and business executive need to understand how to support project management efforts in the organization. 3.11 Project Management Role According to Gary Heerkens, project success will depends on personality traits like honesty, tolerance for ambiguity and openness. However skills required to make a process to go smooth. Paying constant attention to communication, making sure that, the project sponsor and the team members are clear on boundaries and expectation, documenting the project process (task, responsibilities, and relationships) and understanding customer and business needs. There are three main project management skills which are mandatory to have to lead or be a part of a project. 3.11.1 Develop Process Management Skill Learn tools for coordinating the work of many people. Get comfortable dealing with managers on issues of expectations, cost, scheduled and resources. 3.11.2 Build Your Interpersonal Skill Project management is all about getting things done through other people. Work on written and oral communication skills. Learn how to negotiate and influence. Become a coach and mentor to your project members. 3.11.3 Build a Project Network In all likelihood, your project will involve issues that are beyond your own area expertise. You should educate yourself as much as possible about the work your organization does, but it also helps to make contacts with people from diverse areas of your company. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH PLAN AND METHOD 4.1 Methodology The methodology part specify details about the research method design, which indicates the action plan which has been followed to carry out the research to find the impact of project management on mergers and acquisitions. The amount of information which are collected, along with the techniques are used for sampling the data collection method. This also includes the data collected by primary and secondary resource. Data analysis process or method and limitation of the research that impacts the study are also explained. 4.2 Research Design This research will help us to understand the impact of project management for mergers and acquisitions. It has become clear that several ways of doing things may have to be melded and compared before the aims can be fully met. Researches will need to be conducted on the impact on mergers and acquisition firms. We need to evaluate reliability and efficiency under real world conditions using various techniques. This data would be helpful in determine what steps does the organization takes when it comes to change between the organization in terms of mergers and acquisitions. This research will follow the methods of qualitative, inductive, deductive, experimental and empirical research methods. The chapter begins with the introduction, rationale of research, literature review followed by the aims and objectives of the research. Then the research approach, research design, data collection, survey design, data analysis and questionnaire design are discussed. The chapter ends with the outco mes and limitations of the research. This research will be followed as per the below step. Objectives Development Primary and Secondary Data Collection Questionnaire Preparation Design Sample Data Analysis Calculation Final Report This research was designed to achieve the objectives mentioned above. The below mention are the tool used for data collection. Data collection method, Sampling size, frame and technique. 4.3 Data Analysis The data is collected from the actual respondents, the next step in the research process is data analysis. The purpose of this analysis is to interpret and draw conclusions from the collected date. Here a four-step procedure is followed for data analysis. Editing. Coding. Data entry. Tabulation. 4.4 Research Planning First 2 weeks of February 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Collection of Literature Last 2 weeks of February 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Preparation of research methodology and preparation of questionnaire In First 2 weeks of March 2010 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Collection of primary/secondary data Last two weeks of March 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Critical analysis of data Last week of March 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Drawing a conclusion First weeks of April 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Drafting the final report Second weeks of April 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Final report documentation Graphical Representation for Research Planning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This presentation shows that for the first two weeks will be required to collect the primary data. During this process it ensures that the researcher is equipped or has received the sufficient knowledge about the topic under research. This gained knowledge would help the researcher in his further course of the research. This is based on this literature review where the statement of the problem is explained. Based on statement of the problem, the exact research methodology is taken out and the questionnaire for primary data will be designed. After this the primary data collection begins, which takes longer time to complete about 3 weeks. At this stage the researcher (I) has to make sure that he receive the maximum or highest number of respondents. This process takes close to two weeks. Followed by this we have the most critical part of the research, which is the analysis of primary data and secondary data. To complete this analysis process it takes about two weeks. Once this analysis is completed accurately the researcher needs another week for writing the conclusion and result from the analysis, followed by another week for drafting and finalizing the report Based on the resources given, in terms of knowledge or skill of the researcher, and the time available for conducting the research with access to a wide range of relevant or accurate data and information, the above plan is the most feasible one for successfully conducting the research and obtaining results. CHAPTER 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 5.1 Conclusion The conclusion of this research would give a clear picture of the successful acquisition and integration process and how Santander continues to grow in this business. 5.2 Bibliography This topic which I have chosen is an acquisition project between GE and Santander, with regards to the integration of product and processes of the two organizations. The content was taken from newspapers, journals, articles, internet, internal email and interviews. There will be few interviews taken under this topic, with the senior directors and manager in the organizations. I being an employee for Santander UK, and a lead member of an integration and migration project in the New Business Department, getting information will be easy as I have an authorization from my manager. During this research I have referred to many books, meeting with the senior management team, discussion with all required departments to deliver the integration with values. I hereby will confirm that the all information which will be taken will very much be mention as references and index on the final dissertation.